Seven types of Illiberal leaders, and their regimes

According to all indices for measuring its health across the world (including Freedom House, the Economist Intelligence Unit, and V-Dem Institute), liberal democracy is under threat by illiberal regimes. By “liberal democracy” is meant a form of institutionalized government based on individual freedom and political moderation, safeguarding minority rights, and adhering to the rule of law as expressed primarily in written constitutions. But if liberal democracies are all alike, every foe of liberalism is illiberal in his own way. This infographic shows the global expansion of illiberal rule but also distinguishes among contemporary illiberal leaders by putting their main differences on display. (But if you still look for similarities, did you already notice that all illiberal leaders are men?)

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Το μεγάλο ευρωπαϊκό δράμα και οι πρωταγωνιστές του

Δημοσιεύτηκε στην Καθημερινή της Κυριακής 27 Μαρτίου 2022

Μέχρι πρόσφατα, η Ευρώπη ήταν ένα σύνολο δημοκρατικών εθνών που, στην πλειοψηφία τους, είχαν ασπαστεί τον σύγχρονο φιλελευθερισμό. Αυτά τα έθνη, μάλιστα, έδειχναν αποφασισμένα να μεταλαμπαδεύσουν το πνεύμα της δυτικής φιλελεύθερης δημοκρατίας σε γειτονικές περιοχές, όπως στον αραβικό κόσμο, στην ισλαμική Τουρκία και στην εθνικιστική Ρωσία. Έκτοτε υπήρξαν αρκετές δραματικές εξελίξεις. Το δημοκρατικό πείραμα στις αραβικές χώρες απέτυχε, η Τουρκία μετακινήθηκε προς ένα αυταρχικό μοντέλο διακυβέρνησης, η Ρωσία αποδείχτηκε μια βάναυση δικτατορία. Παράλληλα, η αποχώρηση της Βρετανίας αποδυνάμωσε την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση ενώ η περίοδος Τραμπ έδειξε καθαρά ότι η Αμερική δεν πρέπει να θεωρείται ως μόνιμος σύμμαχος της Ευρώπης, ούτε καν ως σταθερά φιλελεύθερη χώρα. Η Δύση αποσυσπειρώθηκε.

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Europe’s most recent great drama and its protagonists

Originally published in Greek by Kathimerini, 27 March 2022.

Until not long ago, Europe seemed to be an ensemble of democratic nations that, for the most part, had embraced liberal democracy. These nations displayed a determination to spread the spirit of Western liberal democracy to neighboring regions, including the Arab world, Islamist Turkey, and nationalist Russia. Recent and dramatic developments, however, have altered all that. The democratic experiment in the Arab world largely failed, Turkey regressed to an increasingly authoritarian form of government, and Russia proved to be a brutal dictatorship. At the same time, Britain’s withdrawal weakened the European Union, while the Trump era clearly showed that America cannot be relied upon as a permanent  European ally or be seen as a model for clear-cut liberal democracy. The West became disengaged.

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